The line-up for the Le Mans 24-Hour race was indeed spectacular. Not only did it contain drivers of the calibre of Juan Manuel Fangio, Stirling Moss and Mike Hawthorn, but it featured three manufacturers at the peak of their powers. Ferrari were the reigning Le Mans champions, while Jaguar had thrown all of their resources at winning the race and regaining the crown they had won two years previously. But there were high hopes for Mercedes-Benz, whose new 300 SLR, with its ultra-lightweight magnesium alloy body, was being operated by a lead car pairing of Fangio and Moss.
Lead up to the race

Over the flying kilometre on the Mulsanne straight, the following top speeds in practice and the race were recorded.
Ferrari 735 LM |
Ferrari 4.4L S6 |
291.2 km/h |
Jaguar D-Type |
Jaguar 3.4L S6 |
281.9 km/h |
Mercedes-Benz 300SLR |
Mercedes-Benz 3.0L S8 |
270.7 km/h |
Cunningham C6-R |
Offenhauser 3.0L S4 |
237.6 km/h |
Aston Martin DB3S |
Aston Martin 2.9L S6 |
236.8 km/h |
Porsche 550 RS Spyder |
Porsche 1.5L F4 |
225.3 km/h |
D.B. HBR-MC |
Panhard 745cc F2 |
170.8 km/h |
|
|
|

Ferrari 735
The 1955 Le Mans disaster was a major crash that occurred on 11 June 1955 during the 24 Hours of Le Mans motor race at Circuit de la Sarthe in Le Mans, Sarthe, France. Large pieces of debris flew into the crowd, killing 83 spectators and French driver Pierre Levegh, and injuring around 120 more. It was the most catastrophic crash in motorsport history, prompting multiple countries in Europe to ban motorsports nationwide; Switzerland only lifted its ban in 2022.
The crash started when Jaguar driver Mike Hawthorn pulled to the right side of the track in front of Austin-Healey driver Lance Macklin and started braking for his pit stop. Macklin swerved out from behind the slowing Jaguar into the path of Levegh, who was passing on the left in his much faster Mercedes-Benz 300 SLR. Levegh rear-ended Macklin at high speed, overriding Macklin’s car and launching his own car through the air. Levegh’s car skipped over a protective earthen berm at 200 km/h (125 mph) and made at least two impacts within the spectator area, the last of which caused the car to disintegrate, throwing him onto the track where he was instantly killed. Large pieces of debris, including the Mercedes’ engine block, radiator, front suspension, and bonnet (hood), were sent flying into the packed spectator area in front of the grandstand. The rear of Levegh’s car landed on the berm and exploded into flames.
There was much debate over blame for the disaster. The official inquiry held none of the drivers specifically responsible and criticized the layout of the 30-year-old track, which had not been designed for cars as fast as those involved in the crash.
Before The Crash
There was great anticipation for the 1955 24 Hours of Le Mans, as Ferrari, Jaguar, and Mercedes-Benz had all won the race previously and all three automakers had arrived with new and improved cars. The Ferraris, current champions at the time, were very fast but fragile and prone to mechanical failure. Jaguar concentrated their racing almost exclusively on Le Mans and had a very experienced driver lineup including Formula 1 (F1) Ferrari driver Mike Hawthorn.
After conquering F1, Mercedes-Benz had debuted its new 300 SLR in that year’s World Sportscar Championship, including a record-setting win at the Mille Miglia for Stirling Moss. The 300 SLR featured a body made of an ultra-lightweight magnesium alloy called Elektron. The car lacked the more effective state-of-the-art disc brakes featured on the rival Jaguar D-Type, instead incorporating inboard drum brakes and a large air brake behind the driver that could be raised to increase drag and slow the car.
Mercedes team manager Alfred Neubauer assembled a multinational team for the race: pairing his two best drivers Juan Manuel Fangio and Stirling Moss in the lead car, 1952 race winner Karl Kling with Frenchman André Simon (both also in the current F1 team), and American John Fitch with one of the elder statesmen of French motor racing, Pierre Levegh. It had been Levegh’s unprecedented solo drive in the 1952 race that failed in the last hour, which allowed Mercedes-Benz their first Le Mans victory.
Aside from two layout changes to make the circuit shorter, the Circuit de la Sarthe was largely unaltered since the inception of the race in 1923, when top speeds of cars were typically in the region of 100 km/h (60 mph). By 1955, top speeds for the leading cars were over 270 km/h (170 mph). That said, the circuit had been resurfaced and widened after the Second World War. The pits and grandstands had been reconstructed, but there were no barriers between the pit lane and the racing line, and only a 4 ft (1.2 m) earthen bank between the track and the spectators. The cars had no seat belts; the drivers reasoned that it was preferable to be thrown clear in a collision rather than be crushed or trapped in a burning car.
The 1955 race began at 4pm on Saturday, and, as predicted, the lead cars of Eugenio Castellotti (Ferrari), Hawthorn (Jaguar), and Fangio (Mercedes-Benz) were at the head of the field in the first hour. The other team cars were being kept on tighter leashes to conserve the cars, but still racing in the top ten. Going into the second hour, Castellotti started dropping back, but Hawthorn and Fangio continued the duel, swapping the lead and dropping the lap record further and further, lapping most of the field.
The accident happened at 6:26 pm, at the end of lap 35, when the first pit stops for the leading cars were starting.
The Race
The opening stages of the race did not disappoint. Traditionally an endurance event, both Jaguar and Mercedes appeared to be treating it more like a sprint, with Fangio and Hawthorn repeatedly swapping lap records. Hawthorn’s open antipathy towards the German manufacturer, following the death of a close relative during the Second World War, merely added to his determination to crush the Mercedes challenge.
But on the 35th lap, in the third hour of the race, disaster struck

Le Mans 1955 start
Blame and counter-blame have continued to swirl around the few seconds that led to motor racing’s worst disaster, but the indisputable facts are these. Hawthorn, engaged in a ferocious battle with Fangio, overtook British driver Lance Macklin’s Austin Healey, before realising that he was being called into the pits. He veered across towards the pits, braking sharply. Macklin took evasive action, drifting off the track to the right before coming back across it and into the path of Mercedes driver Pierre Levegh. The Frenchman, doing 150mph, had no time to react and his right front wheel rode up on the back of Macklin’s car.
Levegh’s Mercedes was launched into the air and catapulted off the track. It collided with an embankment and disintegrated. Levegh himself was thrown back on to the track, where he died instantly. Debris, including his car’s engine block, flew into the crowd. His bonnet lid scythed through the spectators for 100m, decapitating those in its path like a terrible automotive guillotine. The rear of the car burst into flames, the magnesium alloy adding to the intensity of the flames.

Pierre Levegh
Carnage reigned. As well as Levegh, 83 spectators were killed and hundreds were injured. Hawthorn, who had overshot the pits, came in a lap later, with tears streaming down his face. In the stands, people used advertising banners to carry the injured and the dead, while others frantically searched for loved ones and priests performed last rites. Yet, inexplicably, perhaps unforgivably, the race continued.
The American Formula One driver John Fitch, who was Levegh’s co-driver and was standing with the Frenchman’s wife when the accident happened, urged Mercedes to withdraw from the race. If nothing else, he argued, the PR disaster for a German manufacturer to be seen to be cavalier about French bloodshed would be catastrophic just a decade after the guns had fallen silent in Europe. Yet the decision had to be made at the highest level and clearance to retire from the race was only received after all the company directors had been contacted and given their assent, at around midnight. The remaining Mercedes cars were quietly called in from the race at 1:45am, with the crowd at its most sparse. They were first and third at the time.

Stage by stage of the Accident
A senior member of the Mercedes team approached Jaguar at this time to suggest that they, too, might like to retire from the race in an act of solidarity. The Jaguar team leader, Lofty England, whose name seemed also to sum up his haughty attitude, declined.
Maybe it is unfair to judge the actions of England and of the Le Mans organisers’ actions by modern standards, but their response to what was clearly an unfolding tragedy of monumental proportions seems scandalously cavalier. The organisers’ justification that cancelling the race would have caused an alarmed crowd to gridlock the roads and hamper the emergency services seems implausible. It would not have been hard to close the car parks and, anyway, they could have cancelled it at 3am, when the crowds were at their thinnest.

Levegh was thrown free of the tumbling car, but his skull was fatally crushed on landing.
When the rear section of the car landed on the embankment, the fuel tank exploded. The ensuing fuel fire raised the temperature of the remaining Elektron bodywork past its ignition temperature, which was lower than other metal alloys due to its high magnesium content. The alloy burst into white-hot flames, sending searing embers onto the track and into the crowd. Rescue workers, totally unfamiliar with magnesium fires, poured water on the inferno, greatly intensifying the fire.
Aftermath
The race was continued, officially in order to prevent departing spectators from crowding the roads and slowing down ambulances. An emergency meeting of the Daimler-Benz board of directors was convened by midnight at the request of Levegh’s co-driver, John Fitch.
Mindful of sensitivities involving German cars in a French race just 10 years after the end of World War II, the board decided to pull out from the race as a sign of respect to the victims. Eight hours after the accident, while leading the race (and two laps ahead of the Jaguar team), the Mercedes team withdrew the cars of Juan Manuel Fangio/Stirling Moss and Karl Kling/André Simon. Mercedes invited Jaguar to also retire, but they declined.
Mike Hawthorn and the Jaguar team, led by motorsport manager Lofty England, kept racing. Hawthorn won the race with teammate Ivor Bueb.

Hawthorn after winning the race
After the Race
Funeral services were held the next day at the cathedral in the town of Le Mans.
The French press carried photographs of Hawthorn and Bueb celebrating their win with the customary champagne and treated them with scorn.
The rest of the 1955 World Sportscar Championship season was completed, with two more races at the British RAC Tourist Trophy and the Italian Targa Florio, although they were not run until September and October, several months after the accident. Mercedes-Benz won both of these events, and were able to secure the constructors championship for the season.
After winning the Targa Florio, the last major race of the 1955 season, Mercedes-Benz announced that they would no longer participate in factory sponsored motor-sport in order to concentrate on development of production cars. The self-imposed ban on circuit racing lasted until the 1980s. Several drivers, including Fangio and Jaguar’s Norman Dewis, never raced at Le Mans again.
Opinions differed widely amongst the other drivers as to who was directly to blame for the accident, and such differences remain even today. Macklin claimed that Hawthorn’s move to the pits was sudden, causing an emergency that led him to swerve into Levegh’s path. Years later Fitch claimed, based on “what I saw and what I heard” that Hawthorn caused the accident. Dewis ventured the opinions that Macklin’s move around Hawthorn was careless and that Levegh was not competent to meet the demands of driving at the speeds the 300SLR was capable of.
Macklin, on reading Hawthorn’s autobiography Challenge Me The Race in 1958, was embittered to find that Hawthorn disclaimed all responsibility for the accident without identifying who had actually caused it. With Levegh dead, Macklin presumed that Hawthorn’s implication was that he (Macklin) had been responsible, and he began a libel action. The action was unresolved when Hawthorn was killed in a crash on the Guildford bypass in 1959.
The official inquiry into the accident ruled that Hawthorn was not responsible for the crash, and that it was merely a racing incident. The death of the spectators was blamed on inadequate safety standards for track design. The Grandstand and pit areas were demolished and rebuilt soon after.
The death toll led to a ban on motorsports in France, Spain, Switzerland, Germany and other nations, until the tracks could be brought to a higher safety standard. In the United States, the American Automobile Association (AAA) dissolved their Contest Board that had been the primary sanctioning body for autosport in the US (including the Indianapolis 500) since 1904. Switzerland’s ban did not allow for the running of timed motorsports such as hillclimbs. This forced Swiss racing promoters to organize circuit events in foreign countries including France, Italy and Germany.
Legacy
Over the next year, the Automobile Club de l’Ouest (ACO) set about making extensive track improvements and infrastructure changes at the Circuit de la Sarthe—the pit straight was redesigned and widened to remove the kink just before the start-finish line, and to give room for a deceleration lane. The pits complex was pulled down and rebuilt, giving more room to the teams, but thereby limiting spaces to only 52 starters rather than the previous 60. The grandstand was demolished and rebuilt with new spectator terraces and a wide ditch between them and the racetrack. Track safety technology and practices evolved slowly until F1 driver Jackie Stewart organized a campaign to advocate for better safety measures ten years later. Stewart’s campaign gained momentum after the deaths of Lorenzo Bandini and Jim Clark.
Fitch became a major safety advocate and began active development of safer road cars and racing circuits. He invented traffic safety devices currently in use on highways, including the sand-and-air-filled Fitch barrels.
Macklin’s Austin-Healey 100 was sold to several private buyers before appearing on the public auction block. In 1969, it was bought for £155 (equivalent to £3,222 in 2023). In December 2011, the car, estimated to raise £800,000 before the auction, was sold for £843,000. The car retained the original engine SPL 261-BN, but was reported to be in ‘barn find‘ condition. It was then restored to its original condition.[44]
After the accident Mercedes-Benz withdrew from motorsports until 1985, although the withdrawal had already been decided before the race and had not been caused by the accident. After returning to sports car racing in the mid 1980s, initially as an engine supplier, Mercedes went on to win the 1989 Le Mans race in partnership with Sauber Motorsport. Mercedes went on to compete in the championship during the 1990s as a works team before withdrawing for a second and final time in 1999, following a series of spectacular but non-fatal crashes of the Mercedes-Benz CLR.

In Memory
- Pierre Bouillin “Pierre Levegh”, 49, Paris
- Jack Diamond, 24, London (UK)
- Robert Loxley, 24, Worcester (UK)
- Simone Van den Eiden, ~30, Bruges (Belgium)
- Jacques Ruille, 22
- Max Girard, 23, Cavaillon
- Marie-Isidore Vaugon, 32, Saint-Samson
- Louis Lapouge, 30
- Simone Malfrey, 20
- Aristide Neraud, 45
- Bernard Piermay, 20
- Chantal Grellier, 7, Pyramide-Tralare
- Daniel Pignot, 40
- Louis Grimault, 23, Berville
- Marcel Brion, 31, Metz
- Jean Poussin, 42
- Solange Travers, 22, Saint-Jean-le-Blanc
- Robert Divaret, 51
- Jean Retif, 20
- Geneviève Bichot, 41, Laval
- Roger Riboulin, 40, Cusset
- Jean-Louis-Robert Delasalle, 26
- Jean-Claude Favette, ~16, Pornic
- Bernard Rabot, 31
- Jean-André Audebert-Las Rochas, 26, Paris
- Achille Weill, 52, Pfastatt
- ? Le Page, 12, Brest
- Jacques Marin, 15
- André Leroy, 43
- Geneviève Foglih, 41
- Denise Hivert, 27
- Gilbert Domer, 20
- Louis Le Coze, 27
- Emile Robert, 31, Cavaillon
- Louis Rocher, 38
- François Reye, 22
- Fernand Gesbert, 53, Le Mans
- André Lebaupin, 18
- Michel Fourey, 15
- Robert Emile, 31, Cavaillon
- Manuel Erausquin, 46
- Phillipe Gauvrit, 19, Versailles
- Gérard Cornuaille, 16, Vire
- Donatien Gouraud, 26, Mouzilion
- Roland Fournier, 30
- Jacques Daugey, 30, Saint-Martin-Dauvigny
- Gilbert Delabarre
- Régine Jarry
- ? Gauguin
- Albert Lombert, Laval
- Claude Gautier, Lisieux
- Georgette Benoiste, Saint-Avertin
- Denise Audebert-Las Rochas, Paris
- François Besnard, Paris
- Roland Brunet, Cheffes
- Claude Reye
- Simone Fousset
- Henry Tual, Le Bourgneuf-la-Forêt
- Roger Gauvrit
- Claude Brunet, Le Mans
- Marcel Burges, Le Mans
- Janine Fournier
- Constant Gondon, Ercé-près-Liffré
- Auguste Lebreton
- Gaston Neveu
- Josette Gouraud, Mouzilion
- Roger Bridoux, Briare
- Joseph Weiss, Châteaubriant
- Pierre Rouchy
- Raymonde Cléricy
- Blanche Jeanbart
- Jacques Fournier
- Guy Bellicot, Chauvigny
- M. Languille
- René Campion, Tourcoing
- Raymonde Cherici
- Genevieve Quinton
- ? Léquipe
- ? De Saint-Léger
- François Boitard, Orléans
Ian Caldwell @CavallinoRampa2
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